There does not exist a well established terminology for these symbols in French; in geometry the term “gros point” could relevantly have been used for “dot”. In English the terminology is ambiguous as far as the term “circle” goes : what is called “circle” must here be understood arbitrarily as merely the boundary of a circular area whereas in everyday language “circle” refers to both the curve and the surface to which it is a boundary.

This ambiguity was part of the everyday language in French too, while en mathematics the word “cercle” tended to mean “circular area” containing its boundary (tolological terminology : disque fermé), and “circonférence” was only the curve. Nowadays, “cercle” et “circonférence” are synonyms!

(encyclopédie libre) Pendant longtemps, le langage courant a employé le mot « cercle » autant pour nommer la courbe (circonférence) que la surface qu’elle délimite. De nos jours, en mathématiques, le cercle désigne exclusivement la ligne courbe, la surface étant, quant à elle, appelée disque.

According to modern terminology you could now use the terms “cercle (minuscule)¹” and “disque (minuscule)¹” to translate “circle” and “dot” respectively. For the purpose of refering to geometric symbols it doesn’t matter to make precise what type of disk is meant (it can be understood as open (boundary not included) or closed (boundary included)). You might even use gros point for “dot” instead of “disque”.

¹_{The fully descriptive term can be used occasionally to call attention to the fact that those geometric lines and shapes must be quite small.}