Unfortunately I find the Larousse definition to be "lacking" 🙂
- The most common usage of "manquer" is to describe something missing, starting the sentence with the pronoun "il" used in an impersonal way. I guess this is the meaning that Larousse strangely describes as "être en moins":
1.1) "il manque de l’argent dans le coffre" : some money is missing in the coffer.
1.2) "il manque une volonté politique pour résoudre le changement climatique" : a political will is missing if we want to solve climate change.
1.3) "il manque le courage à ses qualités" : courage is missing in his qualities; courage is not one of his qualities; he lacks courage.
- One can also specify who is missing the stuff that is being missed, still using the impersonal pronoun "il":
2.1) "il lui manque de l’argent" : some of his money is missing; BUT IT COULD ALSO MEAN: he lacks money.
2.2) "il me manque de la volonté pour résoudre le changement climatique" : I lack a strong will to solve climate change.
2.3) "il nous manque le courage" : we lack the courage.
- One can also use "manquer" for directly describing what is missing, without using the impersonal pronoun "il":
3.1 "L’argent manque." : money is missing.
3.2 "De l’argent manque." : some money is missing.
- One can also use "manquer" for some action that was performed uncorrectly or in an unsatisfactory way. In this case, we do not need the impersonal pronoun "il" :
4.1 "le tireur a manqué sa cible" : the shooter missed his target
4.2 "le projet a manqué ses objectifs" : the project missed its goals.
Please note that, in all these cases, the Larousse definitions "être en moins" or "ne pas être là où il faudrait" sound weird and unhelpful to me.
And now a little quizz: what is the difference between "il l’a manquée" et "il lui a manqué" ?
Answer:
- "il l’a manquée" means "il a manqué (elle)", so ‘he missed her’ in the sense of ‘the shooter has missed his target’
- "il lui a manqué" means "il a manqué (à elle)", so ‘she missed him’ in the sense of ‘she was fond of him’
You overlook the pronoun influence on the meaning:
Il me manque 10000 euros : I’m short €10k.
Il manque 10000 euros : €10k are missing (from my account/for the deal to be concluded/…)
In any case, the verb manquer in il me manque 10000 euros doesn’t have two meanings in French. It has one meaning that merges the meanings of both "to miss" and "to lack".
You need to know the context to select the right verb to use in English but in French, the meaning is just "10000 euros are not there". The fact they should have been there or not is a detail that is not expressed and does not need to be.
The TLFi definition of manquer encompasses both to miss and to lack definitions:
Faire défaut; être absent là où on devrait être, ou être en quantité insuffisante; être en moins dans un ensemble.
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