None of the above sentences would actually work. You should combine future simple and futur antérieur there. The event of going out will happen after the event of finishing the work. That’s the point of futur antérieur: to talk about an event happening before another event which is described with futur simple. The sentence would then be:

Je sortirai quand j’aurai fini mon travail.

Je sortirai dès que j’aurai fini mon travail.

For the sentences 3 and 4, that would a combination of present and passé composé or present and futur antérieur.

Je vais sortir dès que j’ai fini mon travail.

Je vais sortir dès que j’aurai fini mon travail.

Like Isuka said, the correct way to say this is :

Je sortirai quand j’aurai fini mon travail.

or

Je sortirai dès que j’aurai fini mon travail.

To sum up the comments, "Je [futur simple] quand je [futur simple]" can work, but not here.

Quand means both actions are done at the same time. These sentences are correct:

Je mangerai quand je serai dans le train

Je prendrai la voiture quand j’irai au travail demain

The problem is the word finir : "je finis" means "I’m finishing", "je finirai" means "I will be finishing".

When you say "je finirai A", it means you’re almost done with A but you’re still doing it, you can’t be doing another action that needs A to be finished (here, getting out of work).

In order to get out, you must "have finished" your work. But if there is no requirement, you can do something while you’re finishing, ex:

Je t’appelerai quand je finirai mon film

That means the person will call during the credits or the ending scene for example. When the movie is finishing but not quite finished yet.

You also mentioned :

On partira dès que tu rentreras

That means they’ll go when the first person is still just arriving home. The person will not even have to time to get here that they’ll go right away. It reinforces the "dès que" (as soon as).

If you say:

On partira quand tu sera rentré

It means won’t be as quick, the person will have the time to finish the action of "rentrer". Maybe they’ll have the time to grab a beer or something. I hope you’ll get the nuance.