Not sure about its popularity compared to English but the sentence:

Bien joué, Einstein !

can be heard in French with the same purpose.

Here are some examples of ironical, sarcastic or insulting usage in French:

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“Braquage de Florent Pagny : “Quand je les ai vus cagoulés et armés, j’ai tout de suite compris”“
– Bien joué Enstein

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– Ouaaah, bac + 4 pour comprendre ça, bien joué Einstein!

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Comme tu le sais, le Roi Lion expose les péripéties d’un lion (d’où le titre du film, bien joué Einstein) nommé Simba…

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Sur les cons :
– Aime les cons, tu t’aimeras toi même
– Bien joué Einstein
– Casse-toi pov’ con

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What is possibly more common is to reuse against someone a qualifier that he previously applied to him. e.g.:

— Attends, je vais t’aider. Je suis un pro en xxxx (or un expert en yyyy).

… something wrong happens

— Bien joué, le pro (l’expert / champion…) !

I guess we do. Any french speaker will definitely understand the sarcastic tone of a sentence mentioning Einstein. However, from my experience, I believe we prefer to use it in a negation like :

Ce gars-là, ce n’est pas Einstein !

This dude, he is not Einstein !

Meaning that this man is really NOT smart/bright.

Well “Einstein” is not really often use at all. Also it is not use in a sarcastic way (direct Answer). However in general french are not really sarcastic (compare to English).
French people will use the word Genius 10 times more than Einstein. And they will use it in a playful way (and or) “real talk” context. They are not making fun of that person.

Ce gars-la c’est un Génie!

That dude is a genius!

In this example either it is 100% true or you are joking (with your bodies). This is not harsh, nobody gets offended

P.s :Genius = Génie ( meaning smart)

But also Génie(fr) = Genie in bottle. (don’t mix the two)

Hope that helps

No, it is uncommon to hear Einstein used in a French sentence in a pejorative way, usually it is rather used as a compliment:

On l’appelait ‘L’Einstein de la danse’…

From Ouest-France.fr

Although of course your mileage might vary. Some people are more sarcastic (even in French!) so it can happen.

A relatively common sarcastic sentence is

Tu te prends pour Einstein?

Googling this sentence produces a few references, including this translation of Robert Penn Warren’s citation (from “Tous les hommes du roi”)

Tu te prends pour Einstein ? — Tu veux dire que ce n’est pas vrai qu’on a beaucoup en commun ou bien que ça saute tellement aux yeux qu’il n’y a pas besoin d’être un génie pour en arriver à cette conclusion?