Fut is for the 3rd person singular of the passé simple.
Fût is for the 3rd person singular of the imparfait du subjonctif.
As it stands, and without further context, the tense used in your sentence is the passé simple. It relates an event in the past, there’s no doubt of it having taken place, therefore:
L’apparition de cette boisson les dernières années fut un succès auprès des femmes.
The subjunctive is used, essentially in subordinate clauses, and in specific cases, mainly to express doubt:
- Je doute que l’apparition de cette boisson fût un succès auprès des femmes. (expression of doubt).
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