A Coniferous Tree in French is said “Un conifère”. This official Larousse definition might help you : Larousse “conifère” définition

If you want to use a complete sentence to design this kind of tree you could say “Un arbre aux fruits coniques”, but most of the time the word “conifère” is used directly.

If you are looking for a classification, you probably don’t want ambiguous classes. Therefore there might be an issue with your words in English because deciduous coniferous trees exist (e.g. larix decidua). So here are the pairs that you should use:

Coniferous(or needleleaved)/broadleaved trees

--> Conifères/Feuillus (no need to mention "arbre")

Deciduous/evergreen trees

--> Arbres décidus/sempervirents

or

--> arbres à feuillage caduc (arbre caducifolié)/arbres à feuillage persistant

A lot of people would say "conifère" (including me) but if you’re looking for a word that has the same value in the sentence the answers would be :

Arbre à feuillage caduc

Arbre à feuillage persistant

As suggested by this link and this link.

And remember that "caduc" is for masculine nouns (feuillage) and "caduque" for feminine (feuilles).