It’s something called Passé composé and Plus-que-parfait.
It happens in English too: the present perfect is “I have lain down”. The past perfect (quite similar to the pluperfect) is “I had lain down”. “Lain” is the past participle which doesn’t inflect.
Similarly for continous forms, “lying” is the present participle which doesn’t inflect, for example:
- I am lying
- You are lying
- He is lying
In this French sentence the verb isn’t “allongeait”, it’s “s’était allongé” (had lain down/on the bed), “allongé” is the past participle used in the plus-que-parfait.
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