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The word “chimiste” in Baudelaire’s “Au Lecteur”

Alexandrine requirements might have played a (minor) role. Par ce savant chimiste is a fine hemistich but par ce savant alchimiste doesn’t work. Maybe Baudelaire preferred the former to potential alternatives using alchimiste.

In any case, savant chimiste looks appropriate here. Alchimiste (a dreamer, a loser searching in vain something that doesn’t exist) would have been ill-suited when talking about the Devil (here described as a powerful, knowledgeable scholar). Satan is called Trismégiste so assimilated to Hermes Trismegitus (combination of Hermes and Thoth), the God who created all arts and science, including alchemy.

Here is an excerpt from Alexandre Dumas Un alchimiste au XIXe siècle (1843) about chimie and alchimie:

Mon ami se décida pour la chimie, ou plutôt pour l’alchimie.
Il y a un abîme entre ces deux sciences, qui, à la vue, cependant, n’offrent une différence que de deux lettres de plus ou de
deux lettres de moins. L’une est une science positive, l’autre est
un art conjectural. L’alchimie est le rêve des imaginations puissantes, la chimie est l’étude des esprits graves. Tout chimiste
supérieur a commencé par être quelque peu alchimiste.

The Devil as a chimiste can also be opposed to God as an architecte. The latter is building/creating things while the former is destroying/melting them.

When looking closer to the last verses, Satan is kind of vaporizing gold, i.e. is destroying it. Quite the opposite of what the alchemist were after.

Based on that, I would say chimiste was used on purpose so the four translations are losing a part of Baudelaire’s intent by using the reductive alchimiste.

The relevant sentences are the last two

Et le riche métal de notre volonté
Est tout vaporisé par ce savant chimiste.

Baudelaire mentions “le riche métal” that clearly references gold. Moreover, alchemists have for centuries tried (in vain) to turn lead into gold. The point is that although Baudelaire wrote “chimiste” for alexandrine requirements, the words express the idea of the alchemists all time dream. Hence the chosen translation.

Sorry for my poor wording, but I am neither native nor a poet.

Il me semble que présumer qu’un auteur comme Baudelaire aurait dû utiliser un mot (alchimiste) mais ne l’a pas fait pour une seule raison technique (l’alexandrin) est très réducteur.

On peut retrouver ce terme à nouveau dans cette ébauche d’épilogue, avec pourtant cette fois une allusion directe à l’alchimie.

Comme un parfait chimiste et comme une âme sainte.

Car j’ai de chaque chose extrait la quintessence,

Tu m’as donné ta boue et j’en ai fait de l’or.

Mais, concernant l’époque de Baudelaire, le dictionnaire Littré de 1873 (“Les fleurs du mal” est paru en 1857) définit l’alchimie par “chimie du moyen âge…” et la chimie par “science dans laquelle…”. Nous ne sommes donc pas à une période de transition entre la chimie et l’alchimie et, probablement, Baudelaire ne pouvait confondre les deux.

Sur un autre plan, dans cette introduction “Au lecteur”, Baudelaire décrit une réalité, la sienne, qu’il nous invite à partager (“mon frère”). Il semble qu’au-delà de l’allégorie, il parle donc bien d’une vérité (la chimie) et non pas d’anciennes croyances (l’alchimie).

PS: étant nouveau sur ce site, et considérant cette petite analyse comme une interprétation, une opinion, j’espère ne pas contrevenir à ses règles.


Is it legitimate to presume an author such as Baudelaire should have chosen a word (alchemist) but did not only for technical reasons (alexandrine) ?

This word is also present in this outline of epilogue, but with, this time, a direct allusion of what we call alchemy.

Comme un parfait chimiste et comme une âme sainte.

Car j’ai de chaque chose extrait la quintessence,

Tu m’as donné ta boue et j’en ai fait de l’or.

But the Littré dictionary of 1873 defines alchemy by “chemistry of the middle age…” et chemistry by “science in which…”. So we are not here in a transition period between alchemy and chemistry, and probably, Baudelaire was aware of that.

On another plan, in this opening poem “to the reader”, Baudelaire describes a reality, his own, which he invites us to share (“mon frère”). So it seems that, above the allegory, he’s talking about truth (the chemistry) and not about ancient beliefs (alchemy).

By default, the translation of “chimiste” is indeed “chemist”.

Apparently here the translators chose to use “alchemist” since the rest of the strophe is about alchemical references, and my bet is that they feeled that they had to use compensation.

The French text clearly carries alchemical references, and they may have think that their translation would be closer to the original tone if they used “alchemist”.

One possible reason that very few of the translations use the word chemist is that there don’t seem to be any perfect rhymes in English for chemist. The word chemist has stress on the first syllable, and you would need to find a feminine rhyme, which is much harder in English; menaced is the closest rhyme I can think of for chemist (they rhyme except that /m/ is replaced by the similar consonant /n/).

However, alchemist rhymes with both Trismegist and resist, a fact the translations you quote took advantage of.

 

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What is the capital of Tunisia?